Insecure output handling and excessive agency
Why model output must be treated as untrusted input to your own systems (XSS, SQL, shell, paths, SSRF, code execution) and how to scope tools, permissions and autonomy so an injected or confused model cannot do real damage.
14 min·Verified 2026-11Pro+50 XP
Two themes from the OWASP LLM risk list share one principle: the model is not a trusted component. Its output is influenced by whatever text reached its context, including text an attacker wrote. So (1) whatever your code does with model output must be safe even if the output is hostile, and (2) whatever the model is allowed to do must be safe even if it is manipulated.
Pro content
Keep reading with Inference Academy Pro
Unlock the rest of this lesson, plus every advanced lesson, hands-on lab, the larger playground models and completion certificates.